DR Congo-Rwanda Peace Deal: Hope and Scepticism in Eastern Congo

A peace agreement signed between the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Rwanda in Washington has drawn a mixed response, highlighting the complexities of the long-standing conflict in eastern DRC. While some see the deal as a potential turning point, others remain deeply sceptical, pointing to past failures and the exclusion of key actors in the region.

Agreement Aims to Disarm Armed Groups

The agreement, brokered by the United States, focuses on the "disengagement, disarmament and conditional integration" of armed groups operating in eastern DRC. This region has been plagued by violence for decades, fuelled by ethnic tensions, competition for resources, and the presence of numerous armed factions.

Former Congolese President Joseph Kabila has dismissed the agreement as "nothing more than a trade agreement," reflecting a sentiment shared by some in the DRC who believe the deal prioritises economic interests over genuine peace. The absence of detailed plans and concrete mechanisms for implementation has further fuelled scepticism.

M23 Exclusion Raises Concerns

A key point of contention is the exclusion of the M23 rebel group from the negotiations. Rwanda has repeatedly denied backing the M23, but the group's significant territorial gains in eastern DRC this year have raised serious questions about its support network. The M23's absence from the Washington talks has led to concerns that any agreement reached without their participation is unlikely to achieve lasting peace.

One resident in Goma, a city in eastern DRC that has seen significant M23 activity, told the BBC: "How can they say they sign for peace, yet they have not involved M23?" This sentiment underscores the belief that a truly inclusive peace process is essential for resolving the conflict.

Historical Context: A Region Scarred by Conflict

The conflict in eastern DRC is deeply rooted in a complex history of political instability, ethnic divisions, and economic exploitation. The region is rich in valuable minerals, including coltan, a key component in electronic devices, which has fuelled competition and conflict. The legacy of the Rwandan genocide in 1994 also continues to cast a long shadow, with Rwandan Hutu militias finding refuge in eastern DRC and contributing to regional instability.

Successive peace agreements have failed to bring lasting peace, often due to a lack of implementation, continued interference from neighbouring countries, and the proliferation of armed groups. The UN has a significant peacekeeping presence in the DRC (MONUSCO), but its effectiveness has been questioned, and it is currently in the process of drawing down its forces.

Expert Analysis: Justice and Human Rights Concerns

Sam Zarifi, executive director at Physicians for Human Rights (PHR), highlights critical shortcomings in the Washington-brokered agreement. "There can be no durable peace without meaningful justice. But the agreement...sidelines human rights and fails survivors," he argues. Zarifi points to the agreement's failure to address the widespread human rights abuses committed by various armed groups, including sexual violence, killings, and forced displacement. He emphasizes that holding perpetrators accountable and providing redress to victims are essential for building a sustainable peace.

Furthermore, Zarifi warns that the agreement overlooks the issue of proxy armed groups. "The agreement overlooks how hostilities can continue through proxy armed groups that our research has shown are responsible for serious violations," he says, suggesting that even if the main parties to the conflict disengage, violence could continue through other actors.

Hope Amidst Scepticism: A Chance for Stability?

Despite the widespread scepticism, some remain optimistic about the potential of the agreement. Stephanie Marungu, head of a humanitarian organisation in Goma, believes the deal could "lead to increased stability and it's going to make it easier for us to deliver aid and access those in need." However, she acknowledges the challenges in implementing the agreement, highlighting the need for strong political will and effective coordination among all stakeholders.

The long-suffering population of eastern DRC desperately seeks an end to the violence and instability that has plagued their lives for so long. Whether the Washington agreement can deliver on this promise remains to be seen. The success of the deal will depend on addressing the root causes of the conflict, ensuring accountability for human rights abuses, and fostering a truly inclusive peace process that involves all relevant actors, including the M23.

Looking Ahead

The coming months will be crucial in determining whether the agreement can translate into tangible improvements on the ground. Monitoring the disengagement and disarmament of armed groups, addressing the humanitarian needs of displaced populations, and promoting reconciliation among communities will be essential steps. The international community, including the UN and regional organizations, must play a supportive role in ensuring the agreement is implemented effectively and that the people of eastern DRC can finally experience lasting peace.